Monitorización in-situ del mecanismo de deformación plástica durante la deformación de acero 304L mediante ultrasonidos

In-situ ultrasonic monitoring of plastic deformation mechanism during deformation of 304L steel.

Salinas-Barrera, V. Instituto de ciencias quimicas aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile, vicente.salinas@uautonoma.cl

Aguilar, C. Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Materiales, Universidad Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile, claudio.aguilar@usm.cl

Gonzalez, J. Facultad de ciencias físicas y matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Lund, F. Facultad de ciencias físicas y matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, flund@dfi.uchile.cl

Mujica, N. Facultad de ciencias físicas y matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, nmujica@dfi.uchile.cl

Abstract

In the present work, the plastic deformation mechanisms as a function of applied stress are continuously monitored in situ on 304L steel specimens under standard tensile test. In a first experiment, wave velocities, strain and specimen thickness are measured simultaneously. The measurements agree with theoretical predictions relating acoustic wave velocity and dislocation density. The resulting data of dislocation density as a function of strain in the plastic region obey Taylor's rule, and simultaneous measurements of velocity and applied strain allow determination of the two parameters appearing in that rule. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements are performed, and a Croussard-Jaoul (CJ) analysis is carried out for the stress-strain curve. Both suggest the presence of an increasing number of twins at high strains. In a second experiment, three consecutive cycles of tension and relaxation are performed for the same steel specimen. The plastic behavior in the first and third cycle is similar to that of the first experiment: there is an increase in dislocation density, determined through the change in shear waves. The behavior of the material during the second cycle is markedly different, with an increase in shear wave velocity. Using the classical theory of elastic wave behavior in polycrystals, it is found that this change is consistent with a decrease in grain size due to the proliferation of twins. In this work it is possible to characterize by non-destructive tests the two mechanisms of plastic deformation of 304L steel, proliferation of dislocations and formation of twins.

Keywords:

Steel 304L

Dislocation

NDT

Ultrasound

Twinning.

Resumen

En el presente trabajo los mecanismos de deformación plástica en función de la tensión aplicada se monitoriza in situ, de forma continua, en probetas de acero 304L bajo ensayo de tensión estándar. En un primer experimento, se miden simultáneamente las velocidades de ondas, la deformación y el espesor de la muestra. Las mediciones coinciden con las predicciones teóricas que relacionan la velocidad de las ondas acústicas y la densidad de dislocación. Los datos resultantes de la densidad de dislocaciones en función de la tensión en la región plástica obedecen a la regla de Taylor, y las mediciones simultáneas de la velocidad y la tensión aplicada permiten determinar los dos parámetros que aparecen en dicha regla. Se realizan mediciones de difracción de rayos X (XRD), y se lleva a cabo un análisis de Croussard-Jaoul (CJ) para la curva tensión-deformación. Ambos sugieren la presencia de un número creciente de maclas a altas deformaciones. En un segundo experimento se realizan tres ciclos consecutivos de tensión y relajación para una misma muestra de acero. El comportamiento plástico en el primer y tercer ciclo es similar al del primer experimento: Hay un aumento de la densidad de dislocación, determinado a través del cambio en las ondas de cizallamiento. El comportamiento del material durante el segundo ciclo es notablemente diferente, con un aumento de la velocidad de las ondas de corte. Utilizando la teoría clásica del comportamiento de las ondas elásticas en los policristales, se encuentra que este cambio es consistente con una disminución del tamaño del grano debido a la proliferación de maclas. En este trabajo se logra caracterizar mediante ensayos no destructivos los dos mecanismos de deformacion plastica de acero 304L, proliferación de dislocaciones y formación de maclas.

Palabras clave:

Acero 304L

dislocaciones

NDT

ultrasonido

maclado.

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